Everything about Proto-austronesian Language totally explained
Numerals
| Proto-Austronesian |
Malay |
Batak (Toba) |
Sundanese |
Modern Javanese |
Tagalog |
Malagasy |
English meaning |
| *(e)sa |
satu |
sada |
hiji |
siji |
isa |
iray (isa) |
one |
| *dua |
dua |
dua |
dua |
(lo)ro |
dalawa |
roa |
two |
| *telu |
tiga |
tolu |
tilu |
telu |
tatlo |
telo |
three |
| *(e)pat |
empat |
opat |
opat |
(pa)pat |
apat |
efatra |
four |
| *lima |
lima |
lima |
lima |
lima |
lima |
dimy |
five |
| *(e)nem |
enam |
onom |
genep |
(e)nem |
anim |
enina |
six |
| *pitu |
tujuh |
pitu |
tujuh |
pitu |
pito |
fito |
seven |
| *walu |
delapan |
walu |
dalapan |
wolu |
walo |
valo |
eight |
| *siwa |
sembilan |
sia |
salapan |
sanga |
siyam |
sivy |
nine |
| *(sa)puluh |
sepuluh |
sampulu |
sepuluh |
sepuluh |
sampu |
folo |
ten |
| *(sa)ratus |
(se)ratus |
(sa)ratus |
(sa)ratus |
(s)atus |
(isang) daan |
zato |
(a) hundred |
| *(sa)ribu |
(se)ribu |
(sa)ribu |
(sa)rebu |
(s)ewu |
(isang) libo |
arivo |
(a) thousand |
*(e)sa
'one' in Proto-Austronesian was *sa as an indefinite article (describing number). But, like the other monosyllabic words, it was preceded with particle e- when used for counting numbers from 1 to 10.
In Malay, 'one' is
satu. It's originally derived from two Proto-Austronesian words *sa and *tu. *tu meant 'people' or 'man' and *sa was the article describing number. So
satu etymologically means 'a man' or 'one man'. Modern Austronesian words :
tuan,
tuanku (Malay 'master, my master'),
teuku,
tengku (Achenese 'master', a honorific title for a man) derived from *tu plus suffix -an. Also the Mandar words
tao (means 'people'),
tomuane (means 'man, male') and
tobaine (means 'woman', 'female') come from *tu. It was also suggested that the Oceanic word for 'one' (Maori
tahi, Hawaiian
kahi) comes from *tu .
In Batak, 'one' is
sada. It's also originally derived from two Proto-Austronesian words *sa and *da. *da also meant 'people' or 'man' and *sa was the article describing number. So
sada etymologically means 'a man' or 'one man'. In Proto-Austronesian, the words *da and *tu often combined as *datu to get the meaning of 'lord' or 'lordship'. As many Modern languages words
datuk (Malay, means 'lord, 'chief'), ratu (Javanese, means 'king', but in Malay or Indonesian,
ratu means 'queen'). Javanese uses two confixed words
kedhaton and
kraton (or
keraton)
to get the meaning of 'palace', where the king dwells (Both. come from Proto-Austronesian *datu plus confix ka - an.
Sundanese
hiji and Javanese
siji derived from the oldest form
sahiji and
sawiji, come from Proto-Austronesian words *sa and *biji (*biji as in Malay
biji means 'seed of a fruit'). So actually they mean 'a seed'.
Tagalog
isa seems to maintain the original word *(e)sa.
Malagasy
iray might be derived from Proto-Austronesian *da. Like Javanese word
ratu, Proto-Austronesian phoneme *d also becomes r in Malagasy.
Further Information
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